Python Tutorial 2: Circles and Rectangles

Tutorial Overview and Objectives

In this tutorial, you will learn two of the important objects of the Tychos world, namely the circle object, and the rectangle object as well as how to use the arrow object to visualize vector quantities.

You will learn:

• How to create circle objects.

• How to create rectangle objects.

• How to change certain attributes such as the position, size and color of these objects.

• How to represent these objects using images rather than the default graphic representations.

Click on the link below to open the Tychos scenario in a new browser tab where you can follow along, or use the embedded frame that contains the scenario below:

Lesson 2: Circles and Rectangles

Now it's time to actual simulate something in the simulated environment, and we are going to define the simplest, most basic objects of our simulation - the rectangle and circle objects.

Let's learn how you can create simulated objects in Tychos and how you can place those objects at different positions within the simulated 2D space.

Creating Circles

circle objects are meant to be representative of any object in your simulated world. They could represent a spherical object such as a planet or a ball, but could also represent any object, as long as it serves your purpose of simply representing the position of the object.

If all you need is a general sense of the object's size and position, then a Tychoscircle is probably the object that you are going to use.

To create a circle in the simulation, you need to first identify a valid variable name to store the reference to the object. You then assign the variable to the result of a command that invokes or essentially brings thecircle object into existence:

c1 = circle()

This particular circle object is created and placed in the virtual world at the position of x = 0 and y = 0 with a default radius of 10 and a default color.

The above code uses the default attributes of a circle object, but you can actually create one with your own initial values. For example, you can also define the size of the circle .

Here is how you can create a circle object with a radius of 10, and a color of green:

c1 = circle(radius=10, color="green")

This changes the visual size of the particle on the screen. The text inside the parentheses is a list of name and value pairs that define the attributes of the circle object. There a number of these attributes that can be set or changed in your simulation:

• pos — The initial position of your circle in x,y coordinates.
• radius — The radius of the circle that is drawn in the World View to represent this particle.
• color — The circle will be drawn in this color. Use HTML colors e.g. "#ff3300", "blue".
• image — A URL that identifies a JPEG, GIF, SVG or PNG image.

• opacity — The circle will be drawn with an opacity between 1 and 0, representing 100% opaque to 100% transparent.
• visible — The circle can be hidden from view by setting this flag to false.
• motion_map — This flag tells Tychos to attach a series of strobe images called a motion map. Note: You also have to have the Motion Map setting turned on in the Settings pane.

• label_text - You can attach a label to the circle object by indicating the text and color of the label.
• label_color - This specifies the color of the label text.

• border_size - The circle object can be displayed with a border with a stroke width.
• border_color - The circle object's border color.
• border_style - The circle object's border can be set to dash or dot, or none by default.

So for example, you can also change the initial position or color of the circle object when you create one:

c1 = circle(pos=vec(10,10), radius=10, color="red")

Notice that the attributes follow a pattern:

name = value

The first text is the name of the attribute, and then an equals sign, and then the value of the attribute. The order that you have them in does not matter, just as long as you get the names correct:

c1 = circle(radius=10, color="red", pos=vec(10,10))

You can create more than one circle , you just have to assign it a different variable name. The code below creates two different circle objects. The names that you use can be almost anything:

g_car = circle(pos=vec(0, 100), radius=10, color="green")
r_car = circle(pos=vec(100, 0), radius=10, color="red")

Again, here the circle objects are representing a green car and another representing a red car.

The Position Attribute

You can change the position of a circle object by referencing its "pos" attribute. This is done by using a common computer science notation called "dot" notation. Its quite easy:

c1.pos = vec(100, 0)

This line of code is read "The object c1's position is now x = 100 and y = 0".

Creating Rectangles

The rectangle object is another Tychos object that you can use to represent of an object in your simulated world. They could represent objects such as a box, or a table top, but could also represent any object. The big difference between a rectangle object and a rectangle object is that rectangle objects have a length and a width rather than a radius.

If you need an object that visually represents the important difference between the length and width of the object, then a Tychos rectangle object is probably the object that you are going to use.

To create a rectangle object in the simulation, once again you need to first identify a valid variable name to store the reference to the object. Just like with the the Circle object, you create a rectangle object by assigning the variable to the result of a command that invokes or essentially brings the rectangle object into existence:

r1 = rectangle()

This rectangle object is created and placed in the virtual world at the position of x = 0 and y = 0 with a default length and width of 5 and 5.

Just as with the circle object, you can override the default attribute values of your rectangle object by giving it a set of name: value pairs in a list:

r1 = rectangle(pos=vec(10, 10), size=vec(10, 20), color="purple")

Rather than defining a radius as the visual size attribute, the size attribute here gives your rectangle object a width (or X size value) and length (or Y size value).

The other attributes of the rectangle object are very similar to the circle object. Here is a full listing of those attributes:

• pos — The initial position of your rectangle in x, y coordinates.
• size — The width and height of the rectangle that is drawn in the World View to represent this particle.
• color — The rectangle will be drawn in this color. Use HTML colors e.g. "#ff3300", "blue".
• image — A URL that identifies a JPEG, GIF, SVG or PNG image.

• opacity — The rectangle will be drawn with an opacity between 1 and 0, representing 100% opaque to 100% transparent.
• visible — The rectangle can be hidden from view by setting this flag to false.
• motion_map — This flag tells Tychos to attach a series of strobe images called a motion map. Note: You also have to have the Motion Map setting turned on in the Settings pane.

• label_text - You can attach a label to the rectangle object by indicating the text and color of the label.
• label_color - This specifies the color of the label text.

• border_size - The rectangle object can be displayed with a border with a stroke width.
• border_color - The rectangle object's border color.
• border_style - The rectangle object's border can be set to dash or dot, or none by default.

Using Images to Represent Your Objects

You are not limited to visually representing your objects using only simple circles and rectangles. You can also use any image from the web.

This is done by changing the image attribute like this:

c1.image = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Soccer_ball.svg/240px-Soccer_ball.svg.png"

Tychos will now replace the simple image of a solid colored circle with this image:

svg image of a soccer ball

It is recommended that you use either svg images that are scalable, or png and gif files that allow you to store transparency values.

Keep in mind that the physical dimensions of the image will be scaled to the object size defined in either the radius attribute or the size attribute of the object.